
The Broader Middle East and North Africa nations include Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, West Bank/Gaza and Yemen.
It shall be pointed out that many of these countries of the region have continued to suffer from persistent troubles and conflicts (Algeria and Sudan), embargoes (Iraq, Libya, and Sudan), occupation and wars (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Sudan). The educational systems in these countries were affected deeply by these troubles which hindered their capacities to freely plan for the development of their higher education. The return to peace and normal life through the elimination of all forms of occupation, embargoes, conflicts, and tensions appear to be a sine qua non condition to ensure proper development of educational systems in troubled areas.
The growing demand on higher education and the pressures of the globalization should prompt higher education systems, structures, institutions, and programs to adopt a radically new vision that would prevent Arab societies from lagging behind.